At first, Caesar worked to end the struggle between the two, but soon sided with Cleopatra and worked to defend her against the pharaoh. Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII was in battle for power over Egypt with his sister, Queen Cleopatra. Egypt was in the midst of a power struggle and civil war when Caesar arrived in Egypt. Caesar returned to Rome a victor and was appointed the dictator of Rome, but did not stay long as he soon left for Egypt after Pompey. Pompey survived the battle and fled to Egypt. As a result, later that summer, on August 9th, Caesar and his army defeated Pompey’s forces at the Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey led his forces at the battle but failed to deliver the decisive blow to Caesar. First, Caesar and his soldiers were nearly defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium on July 10th, 48 BC. In Illyria, the forces of Caesar and Pompey participated in a series of battles that ultimately ended the civil war. Caesar then travelled to Illyria, which is modern Greece, in search of Pompey. Caesar and his armies arrived in Spain just 27 days later after a grueling march and set straight away to battling and defeating Pompey’s forces. While he was gone, Caesar left Rome under the leader ship of one of his allies – Mark Antony. Caesar wasted no time, and left Rome with his own armies in pursuit of Pompey. All of this combined to cause the end of the alliance of the First Triumvirate. In reality, Pompey was worried about the growing strength and influence of Caesar due to his many victories in Gaul. This was made worse with the death of Crassus in 53 BC and the marriage of Pompey to the daughter of a political rival to Caesar. With the death of Julia, Caesar realized that the alliance of the First Triumvirate was weakened. This was significant because Julia was married to Pompey, Caesar’s ally in the First Triumvirate. However, at the same time that he was in Britain, his daughter Julia died while giving birth. He made inroads into Britain but struggled to make any major gains. With these lands conquered, he launched an attack against Britain by crossing the English Channel. In fact, Caesar and his armies conquered tribes throughout modern France, Germany and Belgium. While there, he commanded four legions of the Roman Army and used them to conquer larger sections of territory for the Roman Republic. Soon after the establishment of the First Triumvirate, Julius Caesar was made governor over Gaul, which was a region in northern Italy and modern France. The Civic Crown was one of the highest distinctions a person in the Roman Republic could receive. In fact, his actions at this time earned him the Civic Crown for him role in the Siege of Mytilene. Caesar’s time in the army saw him fight in the eastern sections of the Roman Republic. It was also at this time, that Caesar married Cornelia, who was the daughter of a close ally to Gaius Marius. Soon after this, civil war broke out in Rome, and in order to stay safe, and away from the conflicts, Caesar joined the military and moved away from Rome. When he was just 16, Caesar’s father died, and this meant that he became the head of the family. As well, his mother came from a prominent family in Ancient Rome. Furthermore, his uncle, Gaius Marius, one of the most prominent figures in the and military leader in the Roman Republic. His father, who was also named Gaius Julius Caesar, ruled over the province of ‘Asia’, which today is western Turkey. Little information was recorded about Caesar’s early childhood, other than the fact that he was born to a Patrician (ruling) family in Ancient Rome. At the time, the city of Rome was at the heart of the Roman Republic, which extended throughout much of modern Italy, Greece, Spain and a small portion of Northern Africa. Julius Caesar was born ‘Gaius Julius Caesar’ on July 13th, 100 BC in the city of Rome.
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